Maine

% Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) in 2021
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1.3%1 Resistant / 79 Tested

Prevention Progress for C. Difficile Infections
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0.40This value in SIR in 2023 is 60% less than the 2015 national baseline.

Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Implementation Rate
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97%2% more than the national implementation rate in 2023

About

Maine's Healthcare-Associated Infection (HAI) Standardized Infection Ratio (SIR) of 0.40 for C. difficile is less than the national SIR of 0.48 for C. difficile in 2023.

Maine reported 1.3% antibiotic resistance for CRE in 2021, which is less than the nation's reported resistance by 1.5%. Maine has seen a 1.3% 1.2658227848101267 in CRE resistance from 2020 to 2021.

In 2020, Maine had a population of 1.34 million people, with a median age of 44.8 and a median household income of $59,489. The five largest ethnic groups in Maine are White, Black or African American, Asian, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Other Ethnic Group.

CDC’s Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP) provides funding to Maine to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and fight antimicrobial resistance (AR) in healthcare facilities and communities. State HAI/AR programs and the AR Laboratory Network (AR Lab Network) implement activities to detect, prevent, respond to, and contain HAI and AR threats and improve antibiotic and antifungal use.

Note: The investment amount presented for Maine includes funds related to DHQP-supported activities and CDC's AR Lab Network, a subset of data included in CDC's AR Investment Map. This funding represents resources from CDC's Antimicrobial Resistance Solutions Initiative as well as COVID-19 pandemic response supplemental funding, including from the American Rescue Plan Act (ARP). States also received ARP supplemental funding to strengthen and equip health departments and other partner organizations with the resources needed to better fight infections in U.S. healthcare facilities, including COVID-19 and other known and emerging infectious diseases. Additional information is available on the AR Investment Map supplemental funding fact sheet.

The CDC provides data on reporting general acute care, long term acute care, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, and critical access hospitals by state through the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). Note: Data on critical access hospitals are currently included within general acute care hospital reporting among NHSN's Antibiotic Resistance and Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship modules represented in the AR & Patient Safety Portal.

Population

1.34 million

Median Age

44.8 Years

Median Household Income

$59,489

State Health Insurance

37.2%

Private Healthcare Insurance

Ethnicity

Is White
1,256,030 (93.7%)
Is Black Or African American
18,635 (1.4%)
Is Asian
15,270 (1.1%)
Is American Indian Or Alaska Native
8,894 (0.7%)
Is Other Race
4,846 (0.4%)
Is Native Hawaiian Or Other Pacific Islander
190 (0.01%)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2020

AR Investments in Health Care
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Number of Facilities Reporting
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Critical Access Hospitals
17
General Acute Care Hospitals
21
Long Term Acute Care Hospitals
0
Inpatient Rehabilitation Facilities
4

Source: NHSN, 2023

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections that patients may experience while receiving medical treatment, very often within a healthcare facility. Working toward the elimination of HAIs is a CDC priority. The standardized infection ratio (SIR) is a summary measure used to track HAIs. This number is calculated by dividing the number of observed infections by the number of predicted infections. The number of predicted infections is based upon facility and location-level characteristics. For example, if one hospital only had five infections within the course of a year, and yet had ten HAIs predicted, its SIR would then be 0.50. For this reason, healthcare facilities aim for their SIRs to be as far below 1 as possible. For detailed HAI-specific information regarding the current national baseline and risk adjustments, visit the CDC National Healthcare Safety Network SIR Guide. Explore CDC's investments and activities.

Hospital Type

: no change 13%, No Change Compared to Nat'l Baseline

CENTRAL LINE-ASSOCIATED BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS

When a tube is placed in a large vein and not put in correctly or kept clean, it can become a way for germs to enter the body and cause deadly infections in the blood.

Key DataKey Data Points

  • no change, Maine ACHs reported no significant change in CLABSIs between 2022 and 2023
  • no data, Not enough data to report how many ACHs had an SIR significantly higher (worse) than 0.72, the value of the national SIR.

Maine Data for General Acute Care Hospitals, Year 2023

: no change 4%, No Change Compared to Nat'l Baseline

CATHETER-ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS

When a urinary catheter is not put in correctly, not kept clean, or left in a patient for too long, germs can travel through the catheter and infect the bladder and kidneys.

Key DataKey Data Points

  • no change, Maine ACHs reported no significant change in CAUTIs between 2022 and 2023.
  • 18%
    , Among the 19 ACHs in Maine with enough data to calculate an SIR, 18% had an SIR significantly higher (worse) than 0.62, the value of the national SIR.

Maine Data for General Acute Care Hospitals, Year 2023

MRSA Bacteremia

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: decrease 42%, Lower Compared to Nat'l Baseline

LABORATORY IDENTIFIED HOSPITAL-ONSET MRSA BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is bacteria usually spread by contaminated hands. In a healthcare setting, such as a hospital, MRSA can cause serious bloodstream events.

Key DataKey Data Points

  • no change, Maine ACHs reported no significant change in MRSA between 2022 and 2023.
  • no data, Not enough data to report how many ACHs had an SIR significantly higher (worse) than 0.76, the value of the national SIR.

Maine Data for General Acute Care Hospitals, Year 2023

C. difficile Infections

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: decrease 60%, Lower Compared to Nat'l Baseline

LABORATORY IDENTIFIED HOSPITAL-ONSET C. DIFFICILE EVENTS

When a person takes antibiotics, good bacteria that protect against infection are destroyed for several months. During this time, patients can get sick from Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile), bacteria that cause potentially deadly diarrhea, which can be spread in healthcare settings.

Key DataKey Data Points

  • decrease, Maine ACHs reported a significant decrease in CDIs between 2022 and 2023.
  • 6%
    , Among the 18 ACHs in Maine with enough data to calculate an SIR, 6% had an SIR significantly higher (worse) than 0.42, the value of the national SIR.

Maine Data for General Acute Care Hospitals, Year 2023

Abdominal Hysterectomy

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: no change 49%, No Change Compared to Nat'l Baseline

SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS

When germs get into an area where surgery is or was performed, patients can get a surgical site infection. Sometimes these infections involve only the skin. Other SSIs can involve tissues under the skin, organs, or implanted material.

Key DataKey Data Points

  • no change, Maine ACHs reported no significant change in Abdominal Hysterectomy procedures between 2022 and 2023.
  • no data, Not enough data to report how many ACHs had an SIR significantly higher (worse) than 1.03, the value of the national SIR.

Maine Data for General Acute Care Hospitals, Year 2023

: no change 11%, No Change Compared to Nat'l Baseline

SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS

When germs get into an area where surgery is or was performed, patients can get a surgical site infection. Sometimes these infections involve only the skin. Other SSIs can involve tissues under the skin, organs, or implanted material.

Key DataKey Data Points

  • no change, Maine ACHs reported no significant change in Colon Surgeries between 2022 and 2023.
  • no data, Not enough data to report how many ACHs had an SIR significantly higher (worse) than 0.88, the value of the national SIR.

Maine Data for General Acute Care Hospitals, Year 2023

: decrease 19%, Lower Compared to Nat'l Baseline

VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED EVENTS

When a medical problem makes it hard or impossible for a patient to breathe on their own, they may be placed on a special breathing machine called a ventilator to save their life. This usually involves placing a tube in the patient’s airway, and attaching the tube to the ventilator. Patients on ventilators are usually very sick, and they can develop problems related to their illness or related to being on a ventilator. This includes infections such as pneumonia or other problems such as fluid buildup in the lungs.

Key DataKey Data Points

  • no change, Maine ACHs reported no significant change in VAEs between 2022 and 2023.
  • 10%
    , Among the 16 ACHs in Maine with enough data to calculate an SIR, 10% had an SIR significantly higher (worse) than 1.13, the value of the national SIR.

Maine Data for General Acute Care Hospitals, Year 2023

HAI Progress Legend

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  • HAI Progress Increase, SIR is significantly higher (worse) than comparison group.
  • HAI Progress No Change, SIR increase or decrease is not significantly different than comparison group.
  • HAI Progress Decrease, SIR is significantly lower (better) than comparison group.
  • HAI Progress Significant Increase, Significant increase from the previous year.
  • HAI Progress No Change, No significant change from the previous year.
  • HAI Progress Significant Decrease, Significant decrease from the previous year.

Standardized Infection Ratio (SIR)

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Hospital Type

This graph displays CLABSI SIRs in general acute care hospitals for Maine compared to other geographies in 2023. Bars will appear based on data available for each combination of state, HAI, and hospital type choice.

Geography

0.000.40.81.21.62.02.42.83.23.64.0
  • United States: 0.72
  • Maine: 0.87

Standardized Infection Ratio (SIR) Changes over Time

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Hospital Type

This graph displays the changes over time in Standardized Infection Ratio (SIR) for Maine by HAI and hospital type.

Standardized Infection Ratio (SIR), State vs. National

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Hospital Type

This graph displays the Standardized Infection Ratio of common HAIs in Maine compared to the nation.

Antimicrobial Resistance: Maine

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Antibiotics have been used for the last 70 years to treat patients who have infectious diseases. Since the 1940s, these drugs have greatly reduced illness and death from infectious diseases. However, these drugs have been used so widely that the infectious organisms the antibiotics are designed to kill have adapted to them, making the drugs less effective. Each year in the United States, at least 2 million people become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these infections. To find out more, visit the CDC's drug resistance information page. Explore CDC's investments and activities.

% Antimicrobial Resistance by State

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This graphs displays Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales for Maine compared to resistance in other geographies in 2021.

Geography

0.0%10.0%20.0%30.0%40.0%50.0%60.0%70.0%80.0%90.0%100.0%
  • United States: 2.7%
  • Maine: 1.3%
Showing states with similar antimicrobial resistance for Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales

% Antimicrobial Resistance by HAI Type

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This chart displays % Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales for each occurring HAI type in Maine compared to the nation in 2021.

Blank areas of the chart represent 0% resistance, indicating that zero resistant pathogens were reported for the selected year, phenotype, and HAI type. “Insufficient data” indicates that less than 20 pathogens were isolated and tested for resistance.

Antibiotic Use: Maine

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One of the cornerstones of antibiotic stewardship is tracking antibiotic use. CDC monitors national and state antibiotic prescribing data to describe variability in antibiotic use and identify where interventions to improve prescribing are most needed. Antibiotic prescribing data can be used by public health, healthcare organizations and antibiotic stewardship programs to inform, implement and assess stewardship activities.

Changes over Time in Outpatient Antibiotic Prescription Rates

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This graph shows the changes over time of outpatient antibiotic prescriptions for all antibiotic classes dispensed per 1,000 population in Maine, compared to national data.

Changes over Time in Outpatient Antibiotic Prescription Rates All Antibiotics

Outpatient Antibiotic Prescription Rates by Antibiotic Class

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This graph shows outpatient antibiotic prescriptions for selected antibiotic classes dispensed per 1,000 population in Maine, compared to national data in 2023.

Outpatient Antibiotic Prescription Rates by Antibiotic Class in 2023

SAAR Agent Category Comparison To National Median

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This graphic shows the Maine median SAAR value comparison of each SAAR agent category under the specified filter type of 'Adult', 'Pediatric', and 'Neonatal' in comparison to the National median, for 2023.

For specific SAAR agent category names, please see footnotes below.

If insufficient data is provided for a given geographic area or SAAR agent category, the visualization will appear blank for relevant categories.

SAAR Agent Category Comparison to National Median in 2023 (Adult Population)

Antibiotic Stewardship: Maine

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Improving patient safety doesn't stop at tracking healthcare associated infections (HAIs). It also involves promoting programs, protocols, and best practices that improve the way we use antibiotics, or activities referred to as antibiotic stewardship. Stewardship promotes appropriate antibiotic use, meaning only using antibiotics when needed, and when they are needed, using the right antibiotic, at the right time, at the right dose and for the right duration. Antibiotic stewardship has a number of proven benefits that include: protecting patients from unintended consequences, improving treatment of infections, and helping combat antimicrobial resistance.

Changes Over Time in Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship (AS)

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This graphic shows the change over time in hospital implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs in Maine by Core Element.

Changes over time in Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship in All 7 Core Elements

Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship (AS) Implementation by Core Element

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This graphic shows the percent of Maine and national hospitals that meet each of the seven Core Elements in 2023.

Visit the Stewardship Profile to learn more about Antibiotic Stewardship reporting.

Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Core Element Reporting in Maine in 2023

Long-Term Care Antibiotic Stewardship (AS) Implementation By Core Element

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This graphic shows the percent of long-term care facilities that report the implementation of each Core Element of Antibiotic Stewardship in 2023. Hover over a bar in the graphic to see the percentage of long-term care facilities reporting the implementation of each Core Element.

Long-Term Care Antibiotic Stewardship Core Element Reporting in Maine in 2023

Footnotes

Hospital-Associated Infections

  • HAIs on this page include Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI), Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI), Surgical Site Infections (SSI), Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infections, MRSA Bacteremia, and Ventilator-Associated Events (VAE).
  • Data are only displayed for U.S. states/territories for which at least 5 facilities reported an HAI in the given survey year.
  • All HAI data provided on this page is maintained by the CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN)
  • General Acute Care Hospitals: general, children's, oncology, military/VA, and other specialty hospitals.
  • Map legends are classified using the Jenks Natural Breaks method.
  • See the Current HAI Progress Report Technical Appendix for the full methodology and details about the data. Past HAI Progress Reports are described in the Data Archive.
  • HAI information available in the Patient Safety Portal include data from 2015 to 2023.

Antibiotic Resistance

  • HAIs include Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI), Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI), Surgical Site Infection (SSI).
  • CI (Confidence Interval) - The national, regional, and state-level data included in Antibiotic Resistance information are displayed with 95% confidence intervals around the percent resistance, which were calculated using a mid-P exact test and are an indication of precision.
  • Map legends are classified using the Jenks Natural Breaks method.

Outpatient Antibiotic Use

  • These data are from the IQVIA database and reflect all outpatient antibiotic prescriptions dispensed to humans from U.S. community pharmacies. These data do not include antibiotic prescriptions dispensed from federal facilities.
  • Data reflect annual rates of antibiotic prescriptions dispensed per 1,000 population, i.e. the number of antibiotic prescriptions dispensed per year for every 1,000 persons. Annual rates allow for comparisons of the number of antibiotic prescriptions dispensed in different geographic areas or over time while controlling for differences in the size of the underlying population.
  • Map legends are classified using the Jenks Natural Breaks method.
  • Due to missing data, totals by age group and/or sex may not add up to all prescriptions. Antibiotic class defines a set of related antibiotics. State-level rates of penicillins, macrolides, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones are displayed. Also displayed are all antibiotic classes, which include these four classes plus additional classes not available for release at the state level.
  • Data are not available for geographic regions smaller than states.

Inpatient Antibiotic Use

  • SAAR agent categories:

    BSHO - Broad spectrum antibacterial agents predominantly used for hospital-onset infections

    BSCA - Broad spectrum antibacterial agents predominantly used for community-acquired infections

    GramPos - Antibacterial agents predominantly used for resistant Gram-positive infections (e.g., MRSA)

    NSBL - Narrow spectrum beta-lactam agents

    CDI - Antibacterial agents posing the highest risk for CDI

    Antifungal - Antifungal agents predominantly used for invasive candidiasis

    Azith - Azithromycin

    VANC - Vancomycin predominantly used for treatment of late-onset sepsis

    Cephs - Third generation Cephalosporins

    AMP - Ampicillin predominantly used for treatment of early-onset sepsis

    AMINO - Aminoglycosides predominantly used for treatment of early-onset and late-onset sepsis

    FLUCO - Fluconazole predominantly used for candidiasis

  • Only patient care locations reporting 9 months or more in 2021 were included in analyses. Analyses were limited to SAAR locations reporting from eligible facility types.

Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship

  • Although the vast majority of hospitals in the United States participate in NHSN, the antibiotic stewardship data summarized in this Portal may not be representative of all acute care hospitals in the United States. Also, because participation in NHSN varies by state and by year, caution should be used when making direct comparisons of uptake of core elements between states and across years.
  • Map legends are classified using the Jenks Natural Breaks method.

Long-Term Care Antibiotic Stewardship

  • Participation in NHSN LTCF Component varies by state and year. Data summarized in this Portal may not be representative of all long-term care facilities in the United States. Caution should be used when making direct comparisons of uptake of core elements between states and across years.