Healthcare- and Community-Associated Infections
Healthcare- and Community-Associated Infections
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are infections that patients get while they are receiving healthcare or soon after receiving healthcare. The CDC is committed to helping all Americans receive the best and safest care, and HAIs are a major, yet often preventable, threat to patient safety, and the bacterial or fungal pathogens causing these infections frequently develop antimicrobial resistance or are associated with antimicrobial use. HAI data detail progress toward the ultimate goal of eliminating HAIs. While there are many kinds of HAIs, data on this and the following pages focus on infections occurring across the U.S. that are reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN).
CDC provides national leadership in surveillance, outbreak investigations, laboratory research, and prevention of HAIs. CDC also uses knowledge gained through these activities to detect infections and develop new strategies to prevent HAIs. Public health action by CDC and other healthcare partners has led to improvements in clinical practice, medical procedures, and the ongoing development of evidence-based infection control guidance.
NHSN Profiles
What is a Central Line?
A central line (also known as a central venous catheter) is a catheter (tube) that doctors often place in a large vein in the neck, chest, or groin to give medication or fluids or to collect blood for medical tests.
What is a Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI)?
A central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is a serious infection that occurs when germs (usually bacteria or fungi) enter the bloodstream through a central line. Healthcare providers must follow a strict protocol when inserting the line to make sure the line remains sterile and a CLABSI does not occur. In addition to inserting the central line properly, healthcare providers must use stringent infection control practices each time they check the line or change the dressing.
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection involving any part of the urinary system, including urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. UTIs are the most common type of healthcare-associated infection reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). The most important risk factor for developing a catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI) is prolonged use of a urinary catheter. Therefore, catheters should only be used for appropriate indications and should be removed as soon as they are no longer needed.
A surgical site infection (SSI) is an infection that occurs after surgery in the part of the body where the surgery took place. Surgical site infections can sometimes be superficial infections involving the skin only. Other surgical site infections are more serious and can involve tissues under the skin, internal organs, or implanted material. CDC provides guidelines and tools to the healthcare community to help prevent surgical site infections and resources to help the public understand these infections and take measures to safeguard their own health when possible.
Abdominal Hysterectomy
Abdominal Hysterectomy infections are one of two SSI types that are reported by all or most acute care hospitals in most states in the U.S.
Colon Surgery
Colon surgery infections are one of two SSI types that are reported by all or most acute care hospitals in most states in the U.S.
Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is one of the leading causes of healthcare-associated infections in the United States and is also increasingly detected in the community. Most cases of C. difficile infection occur in people taking antibiotics or not long after finishing a course of antibiotics. There are other risk factors: being 65 or older, having a recent stay at a hospital or nursing home, having a weakened immune system, or having a previous C. difficile infection or known exposure to C. difficile bacteria.
C. difficile bacteria form spores that can survive for long periods in the environment, including on surfaces in healthcare settings. People can become infected if they touch items or surfaces that are contaminated with feces and then touch their mouth or mucous membranes. Healthcare workers can spread the bacteria to patients or contaminate surfaces through hand contact.
CDC provides guidelines and tools to the healthcare community to help prevent C. difficile infections as well as provides resources to help the public safeguard their own health.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a type of staph bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics. In a healthcare setting, such as a hospital or nursing home, MRSA can cause serious infections such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia, and surgical site infections. If not treated quickly, MRSA infections can cause sepsis and death. MRSA is usually spread between patients via the hands of healthcare providers that become contaminated after touching an infected wound or a contaminated surface. Also, people who carry MRSA but do not have signs of infection can spread the bacteria to others.
CDC provides guidelines and tools to the healthcare community to help prevent MRSA infections as well as provides resources to help the public safeguard their own health.
When a medical problem makes it hard or impossible for a patient to breathe on their own, they may be placed on a special breathing machine called a ventilator to save their life. This usually involves placing a tube in the patient's airway and attaching the tube to the ventilator. Patients on ventilators are usually very sick, and they can develop problems related to their illness or related to being on a ventilator. This includes infections such as pneumonia or other problems such as fluid buildup in the lungs.
The National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) monitors Ventilator-Associated Events (VAE), identified by using a combination of objective criteria such as deterioration in respiratory status after a period of stability or improvement on the ventilator, evidence of infection or inflammation, and laboratory evidence of respiratory infection.
Approximately 500,000 patients are treated with maintenance hemodialysis in the United States. Hemodialysis requires a mechanism for vascular access so that a person’s blood circulation can be connected to a dialysis machine to filter and remove waste products and excess fluid from the body. There are three main vascular access types: fistula, graft, and central venous catheter. Patients on maintenance hemodialysis have an increased risk of infection (such as Bloodstream Infections (BSI), Intravenous Antibiotic Starts (IVAS), Pus, Redness, or increased Swelling (PRS)) due to an impaired immune system and frequent use of catheters or insertion of needles to access the blood circulation. Because of frequent hospitalizations and receipt of antimicrobial drugs, hemodialysis patients are also at high risk for infection with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Measuring and tracking rates of infection is an important part of prevention.
